Journal of University of Raparin
type: channel
publisher: University of Raparin
language: en
publication name: Journal of University of Raparin
issn: 2410-1036
items: Valuation Of the Degree of Health Awareness Among Students of The Sports Institute in Ranya City
items: The Effect of Cloud Computing on Enhancing the Quality of Accounting Information
items: Narrative montage in Youssef Ziedan's short story collection ‘Hal u Tirhal’
items: Icons in the Poetry of Abdulsattar Noor Ali
items: The Ruling on Giving Money to Cancel Prayer and Fasting Instead of The Deceased Depending on The Hanafi School, And the Manner of Doing So By ibn Al-Qaradaghi (D. 1355 AH)
items: Empathy, Occupational Alienation Among Educational Counselors In Erbil City.
items: The Employment of Speech Act Elements in the Experience of the Poet Al-Muhalhil ibn Rabiah
items: University Service Employees' Disciplinary Obligations and Their Promises in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq
items: The Controversy Over the Waiting Period of a Pregnant Widow
items: Converted Grammatical Particles: “كيف”(How) in Sura Al-Maida as an example.
items: Narrative Language and the Representations of Alienation in Najwa Ben Shatwan's Novels
items: Language and Style in Constructing Narrative Imagination
items: Exploring the Relationship Between Public Relations Strategies and Achieving Customer Gratification
items: The Effect of The Study Thinking Model According to The Divergent Learning Style on The Tactical Cognitive Achievement in Volleyball for Students of The College of Physical Education، Koya University.
items: The Impact of the Judd and Lavoie Model on Acquiring of Geographic Concepts Among Eighth-Grade Female Students in Social Studies
items: Ibn Furak and His Approach in His Book " Mushkil Alhadith Wabayanuh"
items: Decision-Making Skills Among Members of The Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament
items: The Meaning of the Word (Salam) And Its Function in The Holy Qur’an
items: The Impact of Digital Marketing Strategies on Hotel Performance
items: Anti-social Behavior in Dean Koontz's Intensity
items: On Determiner Phrase Analysis in English and Central Kurdish
items: Opportunity and Challenges in Integrating Technology in English Grammar Instruction
items: ­ Resilience in Selected Poems by Aja Monet
items: Domains in Kurdish Family-Related Proverbs
items: Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Noise Pollution in Residential Areas of Ranya (2024–2025)
items: The Dimensions of the Mongol Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
items: The Problem of Epistemology in John Locke’s Philosophy
items: Directions of Urban Development in the City of Kalar (1977-2024)
items: Postmodern Concepts in the Novel 'Gorashar' by Saydqader Hidayeti
items: The Role of Public Relations in The Media Institutions of The Kurdistan Region

Valuation Of the Degree of Health Awareness Among Students of The Sports Institute in Ranya City
type: item
description: The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of health consciousness among the students at the Ranya Institute of Physical Education. Determine the disparities in health awareness between students in the study areas at the Institute of Physical Education in the city of Ranya. Using a thorough enumeration procedure, the study population was specifically discovered and chosen, and its sample was drawn from students at the Institute of Physical Education in the city of Ranya. A total of 220 kids in the second, third, fourth, and fifth grades were part of the research community. Because they lacked experience, (80) pupils were not allowed to start in the first grade. Additionally, students that took part in the pilot study were disqualified. Consequently, 120 students, or 54% of the entire research community, made up the final sample size. To address the research challenge, the researchers employed a descriptive survey approach. The researchers came to the following conclusions after gathering and debating the research findings in order to meet the study's goals: Students at the Institute of Physical Education in the city of Ranya demonstrated a high degree of health awareness; the overall health awareness percentage for all areas was 64.01%. - With a response rate of 79.16%, the area of participating in sports had the greatest level of health awareness. The statement, "Practicing sports activities helps the body perform its functions," received 4.70% of the responses. With a response score of 56.68%, the topic of keeping an athletic physique had the lowest level of health awareness. The answer rate for the paragraph that said, "I am interested in knowing how the vital organs in my body work," was 3.63%.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Valuation, And Health Awareness, Students, Sports Institute.
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhamad Qadir Hama Rash
creator: Emad Sadradeen Hameed
creator: Faraedun Qadir Hama Rash
creator: Ahmad Razaq Mala
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1575
ending page: 1590
doi: 10.26750/96y4ym16

The Effect of Cloud Computing on Enhancing the Quality of Accounting Information
type: item
description: This thesis aims to clarify whether cloud computing technology impacts the quality of accounting information by analyzing the qualitative characteristics of information such as relevance, reliability. This includes the benefits it offers that enhance accounting procedures, such as the speed of providing services, exchanging information, storing a vast amount of information and retrieving it easily. There is also the risks that may come with this technology, such as the possibility of data leakage or loss. To achieve the thesis objective, a questionnaire was developed and distributed randomly to a sample of academics and professionals in the field of accounting and auditing (45). The study depended on the inductive and descriptive analytical approach to answer the study's hypothesis and conclude its result. The study concluded that cloud computing has a positive impact on accounting information by a percentage of (0.79) that was gained from the study. This demonstrates that cloud computing will contribute to enhancing and fastening accounting procedures and reducing costs, time, and effort. It aligns with the ongoing development of the accounting profession. The study showed the potential offered by cloud computing to support the accounting profession and the need for all institutions to adopt and increase confidence in it.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Cloud Computing, Cloud Computing Challenges, Quality of Accounting Information.
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Hussein Abdulrahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1551
ending page: 1574
doi: 10.26750/r8r43943

Narrative montage in Youssef Ziedan's short story collection ‘Hal u Tirhal’
type: item
description: This research paper aims to investigate the art of (narrative montage in Youssef Ziedan’s short stories Hal u Tirhal). The writer obviously employs those techniques in his short stories through vigorous use of visual, technical methods, borrowed from drama and theatre montaging techniques, in parallel with narration principles. Youssef Ziedan was well acquainted with the artistic forms popular at the time of his literary career and he was successful in using cinematic arts, in particular montage. This reflects a high level of literary awareness as research shows he strongly believed that a writer’s job is not merely to write and narrate events, but a writer is an artist who produces art, like artists across other fields. Thus, narration, a part from linguistic and literary meanings, is a system of moving images which have previously been formed in the writer’s imagination and require specific tools and hard work to be transferred to the receiver the way they are in the writer’s imagination. This visual texture which comprises editing, cutting, removing, forwarding, mixing, and other montaging functions entails an in-depth analysis and a detailed description to be discovered by a researcher. Therefore, a descriptive, analytical method is the best means to achieve this goal. The paper has found out that Youssef Ziedan has used various chronological orders in the Hal wa Tirhal stories; some stories use a linear structure, whereas others follow a more complicated, non-linear narration. Apart from that, he has used montaging techniques such as acceleration, slowing down, mixing, fading, rapid transformation from one scene to another, visual and auditory effects, and flashback. This has given the author a unique writing style.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Narration, Story-Narrating Montage, Short story, Moving images, Youssef Ziedan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hawr Ismael Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1532
ending page: 1550
doi: 10.26750/583nf930

Icons in the Poetry of Abdulsattar Noor Ali
type: item
description: This research conducts a semiotic analysis of icons in poet Abdulsattar Noor Ali's work, examining their cultural meanings and functions within his poetry using analytical semiotic methodology. Key Focus Areas The study categorizes semiotic icons into four main groups: Historical Icons - References to notable historical figures (writers, poets, political leaders) and significant past events, showing the poet's engagement with historical heritage. Religious Icons - Allusions to Quranic verses, religious figures, and both Islamic and non-Islamic rituals. Political and National Icons - Symbols representing political issues, conflicts, patriotism, national identity, and expressions of homeland suffering. Artistic and Aesthetic Icons - References to artistic concepts (music, visual arts), natural beauty (mountains, rivers, birds, forests), and themes of love and emotion. Research Objectives 1.Analyze the poet's effective deployment of icons within his texts 2.Examine the innovative connection between signifier (icon) and signified (meaning) 3.Uncover layered meanings embedded within these icons 4.Study how icons interact with cultural, social, historical, and religious contexts to create new meanings that influence and persuade audiences Methodology The study employs analytical semiotic methodology to investigate icons and their varied cultural significance as expressed in the poet's work, while exploring how these elements engage and capture audience attention.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Icons ,Signifier ,Signified ,Abdulsattar Noor Ali.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sdiq Ali Abdulla
creator: Herish Muhammad Amin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1510
ending page: 1531
doi: 10.26750/hy8n1x96

The Ruling on Giving Money to Cancel Prayer and Fasting Instead of The Deceased Depending on The Hanafi School, And the Manner of Doing So By ibn Al-Qaradaghi (D. 1355 AH)
type: item
description: Since the spread of Islam, Muslim scholars have exerted great efforts to understand, preserve, and disseminate the religion across various nations and cultures, rising above geographical and ethnic boundaries. Among these contributors, Kurdish scholars played a particularly distinguished role. Embracing Islam voluntarily, they not only integrated the faith into their communities but also made significant contributions to its propagation and intellectual development. With deep faith and dedication, many Kurdish scholars emerged as prominent figures in Islamic scholarship, leaving a lasting impact on theology, jurisprudence, philosophy, and literature throughout the Islamic world. This study focuses on the critical edition of a rare manuscript authored by the prominent Kurdish Fiqh, Sheikh Ibn al-Qardaghi (RAH), titled: "The ruling on giving money to cancel prayer and fasting instead of the deceased depending on the Hanafi School, and the manner of doing so". The document, dating back to the 14th century AH, represents a valuable participation to Hanafi jurisprudence. The research follows a rigorous academic methodology, consisting of the comparison of manuscript copies, preparation of the text, source documentation, explanation of unclear terms, and citation of relevant legal evidences. One of the key outcomes of the researcher is focusing on the manuscript’s scholarly significance, serving as a modest preparation to the preservation and purebred of Islamic legal heritage.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Ibn Al-Qaradaghi, Cancel Prayer and Fasting, Giving Money, Hanafi.
  topic: keywords
creator: Saman Sadq Rasheed
creator: Murad Jabbar Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1487
ending page: 1509
doi: 10.26750/1480ka65

Empathy, Occupational Alienation Among Educational Counselors In Erbil City.
type: item
description: The aim of the research is to investigate the levels of empathy and occupational alienation in sample study, to investigate differences in empathy and occupational alienation based on gender variable (male and female), and to investigate the correlation between empathy and occupational alienation among educational counselors in Erbil City. To achieve aims of the study, the researchers used Jolliffe and Farrington scale (2006) to measure empathy, and the Ben Zahi scale (2007) to measure occupational alienation, and they applied scales after confirming the psychometric characteristics such as validity and reliability. The research population include all educational counselors in public and private schools inside Erbil city, and the study sample consisted of (233) counselors of both genders, selected through accidental sampling. The research found the following results: There is a high level of empathy and a low level of occupational alienation among educational counselors in Erbil city. There are statistically significant differences in the level of empathy according to gender variable in females, while there are statistically significant differences in the level of occupational alienation in males. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between empathy and occupational alienation among sample study.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Empathy, Alienation, Occupational Alienation, Educational Counselors.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nwenar Yaseen Mohammed
creator: Yousif Hamasalih Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1467
ending page: 1486
doi: 10.26750/6r09d197

The Employment of Speech Act Elements in the Experience of the Poet Al-Muhalhil ibn Rabiah
type: item
description: The performative act or speech acts constitutes the vital aspect in the structure of argumentative and pragmatic discourse. Indeed, there are researchers who place it in the rank of a term or concept synonymous with pragmatic. It is the energy and the basic engine that works to transform speech into an act of accomplishment that can be achieved on the ground. It has levels that the philosopher Austin and John Searle worked on classifying. The organic relationship between speech or saying and its achievement is invested in the text or poetic discourse according to five categories: assertives, directives, commissitives, expressives, and declarations. This is what we will try to discover in the poetry of Al-Muhalhal bin Rabi’ah. The poet’s poetry was built on the basis of levels that arise from what the author’s purpose requires. The meaning of the accomplishment required to be achieved has references related to the pre-Islamic reality and the dialectical discourse that we can sense in specific types and topics such as elegy, satire, and pride. Each topic has its own strategies that work to influence the recipient. Every response has an extension in the text. There are phrases and sentences that have A request style that takes the elements of verbs as a functional role in passing messages through which orders or requests are directed that require the recipient to be convinced by them or to try to change behavior and show solidarity with the poet’s cause in his revolutionary taking and sympathy with the argument and evidence that legitimizes the killing or the act of excessive killing against the Jassas tribe, which constitutes the realistic dimension in the text and its discourse.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Performative Act, Speech Acts, Discourse, Influence, Persuasion.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ammar Hazim Mohammed Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1450
ending page: 1466
doi: 10.26750/jnpc0f94

University Service Employees' Disciplinary Obligations and Their Promises in the Kurdistan Region and Iraq
type: item
description: The Disciplinary framework for university service employees in Iraq’s Kurdistan Region and faculty members in Egypt and France constituties a legal mechanism that reflects administrative efficacy in influencing the professional statuse of university professors. Under Iraqi laws applicable in the Kurdistan Region and comparative legislation in reference countries, the disciplinary process undergoes multiple stages that often encounter significant challenges including: Faculty-Specific Concerns such as obligations affecting professional conduct, including job dignity and adherence to academic traditions, and disciplinaryviolations related to employment, particulary dismissal and service termination, also implementation of penalties not condified in disciplinary laws such as teaching prohibitions,and Legislative Challenges: such as disproportionate disciplinary measures relative to violations, and absence of independent higher education staff disipline laws in Iraq/Kurdistan Region.Faculty Safeguards, such as inadequate legal protections for academic freedoms and immunity during teaching activities. There are many problems,such as non-standadized disciplinary procedurres,and excessive administrative authority over faculty and inconsistent application of penalties. The absence of independent legal framworks for university staff discipline creates unfair treatment and threatens academic integrity across these regions. Along with obstacles related to professional accountability and disciplinary violations,particulary concerning disciplinary penalties such as suspension and termination.This includes implementing sanctions not stipulated in disciplinary laws, such as disproportionate punishments.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: University Service Employees, Discipline, Guarantees.
  topic: keywords
creator: Qaisar Hamasaid Rostum
creator: Mustafa Rasoul Hussein
creator: Fahmi Karim Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1423
ending page: 1449
doi: 10.26750/r7j3gc97

The Controversy Over the Waiting Period of a Pregnant Widow
type: item
description: This study explores a jurisprudence and legal issue related to the waiting period of a pregnant woman whose husband has been deceased, and the different opinions on this subject among scholars of Islamic law and law makers. The scholars of Islamic law have been divided into two groups: Each has their own determination concerning the end of a pregnant women after giving birth to her fetus. The study clarifies the strong opinion of Islamic law with proofs about the waiting period of a pregnant women whose husband passes away, as well as explaining the attitude of Iraqi law and its jurisprudence source, accordingly, giving a critical view and amendment of reviewing the legal context. The study applies a critical explanation thorough clarifying Sharia contexts and jurisprudence beliefs compared to the Iraqi law, thus, my research plan is as the following: In the first section the definition of waiting period, types of it, and the rulings has been determined, in the second part the waiting period of a pregnant women whose husband dies has been discussed. In conclusion the research discussed the closer belief of the scholars to Sharia law, but the weaker opinion has been selected by Iraqi law makers, including bad bad jurisprudence social effects against women and family rights.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Waiting Period, Pregnant Women, Death, Personal Status, Longest Period.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Abdulrahman Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1398
ending page: 1422
doi: 10.26750/0rcbyf69

Converted Grammatical Particles: “كيف”(How) in Sura Al-Maida as an example.
type: item
description: Articles are words that can have a certain function. They have been of great interest by the grammarians constantly as they are crucial in both morphology and syntax. Grammar refers to the rules for combining words and larger units in the sentence in a particular language. However, variable grammatical articles is a new concept which are divided into two parts by Dr. Tamam Hasan: authentic articles such as affixes, clitics, negatives, interrogatives, and conditionals; variable articles such as nouns, adjectives, etc. which have turned from morphology to syntax. Some changes happened to certain nouns and verbs which has lead them lose some of their meanings and give syntactic meaning. The change is called grammaticalization, among them change from nominal to articles. The approach used in the study is a descriptive analytic method which is applicable and effective in this kind of research. The data were collected analyzed accordingly via certain interpretations and elucidations of the texts in the framework of the study. The concluding remarks can be reliable and useful for future researchers of the field. The current study takes these changes into account in terms of their styles and adaptation in a given context, there is an instance for these kind of elements like the word ‘how’ it is still a noun even it is used now as it was; it has been taken from the context which is HOW used.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Tool, Converted, Grammaticalization (alternation), Letter.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammed Ahmad Esmail
creator: Abdurahman Aziz Mustaffa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1381
ending page: 1397
doi: 10.26750/j9pvg948

Narrative Language and the Representations of Alienation in Najwa Ben Shatwan's Novels
type: item
description: This study, entitled "Narrative Language and the Load of Alienation in the Novels of Najwa Bin Shatwan," examines the mechanisms of language's operation. Three types of linguistic employment have been discussed, preceded by an introduction to the importance of language in narrative construction, such as: the woman's voice, the beginnings of woman's entry into the world of writing, and how woman acquired a voice to express herself. The women's attitude toward alienation, the injustice, and deprivation are divided into two attitudes: an attitude of submission and compliance to alienation, and a rejection and resistance to what they are subjected to. The second type was devoted to satirical language in which the novels were able to combine sarcasm that invokes humor with the feelings of sadness and suffering of the alienated character, in addition to the focus of the small details in the contemporary Arab novel. Specifically, the postmodern novels elaborate on narrating events and describing people and places. The third type of narrative employment and work through language focused on the poetic dimension carried by vocabulary and structures. How is the poetic lexicon distinguished in the novels that are the sample of the study, besides mentioning some texts that represent alienation and came in the popular Libyan dialect, in addition to the beauty of the structures.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Narration, Novel, Language employment, Alienation, Najwa Bin Shatwan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hana Khalid Rasul
creator: Sami Naji Swadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1365
ending page: 1380
doi: 10.26750/ecfdwf11

Language and Style in Constructing Narrative Imagination
type: item
description: This study looks at the imaginative and stylistic aspects of Ahmed Saadawi’s novel Frankenstein in Bagdad. It focuses on how the author combines narrative techniques with symbolic meanings to reflect the post-war reality of Iraq. The research fist analyzes the language and writing style, especially paying attention to the detailed and descriptive language used to build images and imaginative scenes. It also discusses how symbols and metaphors help shape the fictional world. Another part of the study is about language and dialogue, where both classical and spoken Arabic are used. It also considers the influence of a journalistic or realism. In general, the research identifies three main elements that support the imaginative side of the novel: the descriptive language that gives life to events and scenes, the dialogue that shows social and cultural communication, and the mix of classical and colloquial Arabic to create clear and vivid characters. In addition, the study talks about rhetorical tools like symbols and metaphors, which give the novel deeper meanings beyond what appears on the surface. These tools help make the story open to interpretation and give it layers that reflect the complex Iraq experience after war. The research shows that Ahmed Saadawi used language in a creative way to build a unique narrative world with artistic and cultural value, making the novel and important example in modern Arabic literature.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Narrative Fiction, Iraqi Novel, Narrative Language, Rhetorical Employment, Frankenstein in Baghdad.
  topic: keywords
creator: Salah Ali Hamad
creator: Sami Naji Sawadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1350
ending page: 1364
doi: 10.26750/rav53f86

Exploring the Relationship Between Public Relations Strategies and Achieving Customer Gratification
type: item
description: This research aims to evaluate customer satisfaction with public relations strategies in five-star hotels in the central governorate of Sulaymaniyah. It also seeks to identify the most effective public relations strategies for managing hotel-customer relationships and examines the connection between these strategies and customer satisfaction, and the nature of the relationship between public relations strategies and gaining customer satisfaction for five-star hotels in the center of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. A survey method was employed using a questionnaire form to collect information related to the research objectives, which was applied to a sample of customers their number reached 320 respondents, the findings indicate that: Public relations strategies, as a whole, are important indicators of customer satisfaction in the sample hotels. The strategy of asserting legitimacy emerges as the strongest motivator for satisfaction. This indicates that building trust, credibility, and transparency in public relations efforts is crucial to improving customer experiences. This is followed by the strategy of asserting respect. This confirms customers' appreciation for being treated with dignity, appreciation, and professionalism. The relationship between public relations strategies and customer satisfaction is positive and statistically significant. Some strategies, especially those that build trust, credibility, and respect, play a strong and effective role in enhancing customer satisfaction, while other strategies may require improvements to be effective. Consistent public relations strategies have an impact on gaining customer satisfaction in the sample hotels, especially the strategy of asserting legitimacy, as it achieves the highest impact on customer satisfaction.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Public Relations Strategies. Symmetrical Strategies. Customer Satisfaction. Hotels In The Center Of Sulaymaniyah Governorate.
  topic: keywords
creator: Lana Sabir Mohammed Saeed
creator: Sazgar Hama Amin Karim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1329
ending page: 1349
doi: 10.26750/php7x492

The Effect of The Study Thinking Model According to The Divergent Learning Style on The Tactical Cognitive Achievement in Volleyball for Students of The College of Physical Education، Koya University.
type: item
description: The research aims to Identify: - The difference between the study thinking model according to the divergent learning style on the tactical cognitive achievement in volleyball for students The difference between the probe thinking model based on the divergent learning style and the followed method in tactical cognitive achievement in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the study، and the research sample was chosen from third-stage students in the College of physical education and sport sciences at Koya University. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group that used the probing thinking model based on the divergent learning style، and a control group that used the followed method. After that، The study material was selected then the researchers presented the educational curriculum according to (the probing thinking model based on the divergent learning style) to a group of expertise in teaching methods and volleyball fields to express their opinions and notes on the program. The study tools included the tactical cognitive achievement test in volleyball and the Kolb's scale of prevailing learning styles. Next، equivalence and homogeneity were conducted as they play an important in tactical cognitive achievement in Volleyball. After that، the educational program was completed followed by conducting the post-tests and the data was analyzed by using a number of appropriate statistics، (mean، standard deviation، mode، coefficient of variation، skewness coefficient، t-test for equal independent samples and simple correlation coefficient). It was concluded that the probing thinking model based on the divergent learning style exceeded the followed method in tactical cognitive achievement in volleyball. The researchers suggested promoting teaching strategies and models based on learning styles that develop cognitive aspects in volleyball as a divergent learning style.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Probing Thinking - Divergent Learning Style - Tactical Cognitive Achievement- Volleyball.
  topic: keywords
creator: Lawest Qasim Dhahir
creator: Rebin Shwan Fathwlla
creator: Rebaz Majeed Ameen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1263
ending page: 1287
doi: 10.26750/cs1f2838

The Impact of the Judd and Lavoie Model on Acquiring of Geographic Concepts Among Eighth-Grade Female Students in Social Studies
type: item
description: The present study seeks to investigate (The Impact of the Judd and Lavoie Model on Acquiring of Geographic Concepts Among Eighth-Grade Female Students in Social Studies). In order to meet the research aims and test its hypotheses, the researchers employed an experimental design with partial control. The study was carried out on eighth-grade female students at Zaytoun Basic School, which is associated with Shaqlawa Education - Erbil, during the second semester of the academic year (2023 – 2024). Following deliberate selection from the schools within the research population, a sample of 84 female students was randomly selected. In this regard, 42 students were assigned to the experimental group, where they were taught Geography using the Judd and Lavoie model, while the remaining 42 students formed the control group and were taught the subject using traditional methods. Subsequently, the researchers ensured equivalence between the two groups by matching them in terms of variables such as chronological age in months, intelligence, previous year’s grades in Social Studies, mothers’ qualifications, and fathers’ qualifications. Additionally, the researchers identified 18 geographical concepts and established three behavioral objectives for each concept based on the processes of concept acquisition they adopted (definition, understanding, application). The total count of these objectives was 90. Furthermore, a test containing 40 items of multiple-choice questions was developed to assess the female students' understanding of geographical concepts. The test underwent scrutiny to ensure its validity, reliability, and the effectiveness of the incorrect answer choices. Following the conclusion of the experiment, the researchers administered the research instrument to both groups remotely. The response sheets were then gathered, assessed, analyzed, and statistically processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The obtained results were as foll…
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Impact, Judd and Lavoie Model, Acquiring Concepts, Geography.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nareen Kamal Saeed Shekho
creator: Rawa Salih Mohammad Rahman
creator: Sherzad Ali Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1241
ending page: 1262
doi: 10.26750/wt0ftz17

Ibn Furak and His Approach in His Book " Mushkil Alhadith Wabayanuh"
type: item
description: This research highlights the scholar “Ibn Furak’s” book “Al-Hadith Problems” in the aspect of understanding the text of the hadith and its jurisprudence and repelling the contradiction from it; this is because the science of the various hadiths is a great science with rules and foundations that only those with exceptional and profound linguistic, rhetoric, interpretation, Al-Hadith, jurisprudence and its origins can comprehend. Ibn Furak was an Imam and one of the Islamic figures in this category. Recently, there have been a lot of problematic issues in hadith texts that appear to be ambiguous and contradictory, and given the importance of the hadith problems, which eliminates the problem and contradiction from the hadith. It is worthwhile to highlight the methodology of scholars who have written in this field to be aware of their methods and scientific and doctrinal approaches. This research demonstrates the Imam's efforts methodology, and the scientific value of his book, many scholars who spoke about names and characteristics who came after him were influenced by his approaches, like Imam al-Bayhaqi and others of al-Ash’ari school who paid a lot of attention to the names and characteristics, such as hand, eye, and intercourse, and exaggerated in interpretation. The modern reader should know these interpretations and the curriculums of the contemporaries. It is obvious from the methods of scholars in decoding ambiguities and problems in al-Hadith texts through scientific methods, so that the reader may distinguish the approach of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah from the approach of people of opinion and speech.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Methodology, Problem of Hadith, Difference of Hadith, Repelling Contradiction, Interpretation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hashim Ismail Ibrahim
creator: Abdalla Othman Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1228
ending page: 1240
doi: 10.26750/gk5gvf34

Decision-Making Skills Among Members of The Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament
type: item
description: The aim of the current research is to identify the level of decision-making skills among members of the Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament, and the significance of the differences in them according to demographic variables (gender, age, nationality, educational level, years of service in Parliament). The research relied on the descriptive survey method, and the sample consisted of (95) male and female members selected from the members of the fifth session of the Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament, to whom the decision-making skills scale that had been prepared was applied, which in its final form consisted of (31) items. Its validity and reliability were verified. After analyzing the data using SPSS, the results showed that the level of decision-making skills among members of the Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament in general is high, and it was found that there are no statistically significant differences in decision-making skills attributed to the variables: gender, age, nationality, academic level, and years of service in Parliament. In light of the results included a number of recommendations for stakeholders and some suggestions for future researchers.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Skills, Decision-Making, Members, Parliament, Iraqi Kurdistan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Buhar Muhammad Karim
creator: Omar Ibrahim Aziz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1210
ending page: 1227
doi: 10.26750/j96sq124

The Meaning of the Word (Salam) And Its Function in The Holy Qur’an
type: item
description: The research deals with the functional aspect of the individual grammatical sections according to Arabic scholars in the composition of verses of peace, and reveals their structural and semantic dimensions. The research concluded that the functional aspect of the language was not absent in the study of Arabic scholars, even if they did not declare it, and that they were aware of the purposes of the language. Grammatical sections, the functions they perform within the structure, and their relationship to the position. The grammatical function is linked to the syntactic mark and determines the type of function. We can define the grammatical function as the grammatical position that the word works to occupy as a result of its connection to other elements of words in the structure. In other words, it represents the linguistic function that words perform through their connection to each other through grammatical meanings and connotations, such as the word being a verb, subject, or object...and others. The research plan required that it include an introduction, a preface, and five axes: the function of the nominal sentence. And the function of the phrasal verb. Effects, consequences, complements, and tools. In this research, we relied on the descriptive and analytical methodology, by tracking the functional aspects in the grammar sections from what was mentioned in the composition of the Salam verses, and we tried to find only one or two verses for each issue of grammatical and functional diversity. This is to avoid repetition and narrowness. When presenting the different opinions, reliance was also placed on the prevailing grammatical opinions, (books) of interpretations, and (sources) of parsing of the Holy Qur’an.To reach the intended meaning of the verse. Then discuss it, in order to determine the grammatical functions of its individual chapters.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Grammatical Signs, Grammatical Function, Connotation, Structure, Individual Chapters, Salam.
  topic: keywords
creator: Bayan Omer Sabr
creator: Amir Rafiq Awla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1183
ending page: 1209
doi: 10.26750/f2nv8k64

The Impact of Digital Marketing Strategies on Hotel Performance
type: item
description: The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of digital marketing strategies on hotel performance. This research is applied in terms of both descriptive and inferential purposes, and hypotheses were tested using the partial least squares (PLS) method. The statistical population of this study consisted of 125 managers and administrative staff of hotels in the West of Iran. The main instrument for gathering data in this study was a standard questionnaire. Face validity was confirmed by 4 experts, and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha test, which showed a score above 0.7. The results indicated good validity of the reagents, as all had higher factor loadings for their structures. The findings also show that email marketing has a positive and significant effect on performance dimensions, including financial perspective, learning and growth perspective, customer perspective, and internal processes perspective. Additionally, content marketing has a significant and positive impact on performance in terms of financial and customer perspectives. This suggests that content marketing has improved financial conditions and customer engagement, but has not impacted learning. Finally, the study did not confirm the impact of viral marketing on performance. Through a systematic review of current practices in hotel literature, critical methodological issues in selecting and using PLS were identified. These guidelines aim to enhance future PLS studies and provide recommendations for utilising recent methodological advancements.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Viral marketing, Digital Marketing, Hotel Performance, Email marketing, Hotels in the West of Iran.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fakhraddin Maroofi
creator: Fakhir Jaza Swara
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1162
ending page: 1182
doi: 10.26750/emt6tc50

Anti-social Behavior in Dean Koontz's Intensity
type: item
description: This paper explores the psychological dimensions of aggression, irritability, and sadism as portrayed in Dean Koontz’s novel Intensity, focusing on the character of Edgler Vess. The analysis applies psychological theories, particularly those of Erich Fromm and Alfred Adler, to reveal the underlying psychological mechanisms that drive Vess’s antisocial behavior. Through the application of Fromm’s concepts of malignant aggression, sadism, and necrophilia alongside Adler’s theory of overcompensation, the paper examines how Vess’s sadistic tendencies, violent actions, and obsession with death reflect broader human capacities for destruction and domination. By analyzing key scenes in the novel, the study illustrates how Vess’s violent actions are not just expressions of random aggression but are driven by deep psychological needs for control, power, and existential fulfillment. The significance of the study lies in its ability to bridge literary analysis with psychological theory, offering new insights into the representation of pathological aggression in literature. The study concludes that Vess embodies the extreme end of human destructiveness, highlighting how unresolved psychological conflicts can manifest into pathological behavior. This analysis positions Intensity not just as a thriller, but as a profound commentary on the extremes of human nature and the terrifying capacity for cruelty when violence becomes a means of existential self-assertion.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Anti-social Behaviour, Aggression, Sadism, Psychological Theory, Control.
  topic: keywords
creator: Karzan K. Babakir
creator: Bakhtiar S. Hama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1149
ending page: 1161
doi: 10.26750/tmevsn21

On Determiner Phrase Analysis in English and Central Kurdish
type: item
description: The paper explores the determiner phrase analysis in English and Central Kurdish from a comparative-generative perspective. It specifically focuses on the structure of determiner phrase within the X-bar theory to examine whether the construction of determiner phrase can be applied in the same way in both languages or not. The X-bar theory deals with the structure and components of different phrase types with determining the right position for each of the components according to the phrase type. Also, one of the aspects of generative grammar is ‘Principles & Parameters’ which suggests that while languages share universal principles, they vary according to specific parameters. In this way, the existence of different phrase types is universal among languages, but the structure and the components of each phrase are parameters as each language have its own construction with respect to have some similarities with another language. On this basis, the research aims to investigate the structure of determiner phrase depending of the Determiner Phrase Analysis (DPA) in English and Central Kurdish in the light of X-bar theory. The data used in the paper is formal written language in both languages. The core question of the research is that whether the determiner phrase analysis is applicable in both languages or not. One of the remarkable conclusions is that the determiner phrase analysis is applicable in both languages with specific constructions and elements according to the form of the phrase in each language. Moreover, the study shows that some phenomena, such as Izafe construction, exist in CK, while it is not found in English.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Generative, DP, Central Kurdish, (In)Definite, Determiner.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sairan Abdullah Hamad
creator: Salih Ibrahim Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1126
ending page: 1148
doi: 10.26750/xapbp102

Opportunity and Challenges in Integrating Technology in English Grammar Instruction
type: item
description: This article offers an understanding of technology integration in teaching English grammar in educational settings where English is taught as a foreign language in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq KRI. Traditional Grammar instruction requires students to memorise rules and practice repetitive drills. This approach makes students unable to use grammatical rules in real-life scenarios. Nevertheless, some new digital technologies are taking a different route and introducing more interactive, engaging, and flexible approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine the usability of these technologies, identify the challenges faced by teachers and students, and recommend feasible solutions to enhance the use of technology in teaching grammar. The study population consists of 25 university instructors from various private and public institutions in KRI. Using semi-structured interviews, the researcher collected statistical data and personal perspectives on the use of technology in grammar instruction. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analysed. Qualitative coding frameworks were used to extract meaningful patterns and insights. Responses were coded and classified using Excel to identify key themes related to the impact, obstacles, and instructional adaptations associated with technology. However, the research revealed a nuanced implication: teachers are eager but under-supported, students are motivated but unevenly resourced, and institutions are ambitious but inconsistently equipped.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: English Grammar Instruction, Digital Learning Tools, Educational Technology in Kurdistan, Teacher and Student Challenges, Effectiveness of Technology.
  topic: keywords
creator: Darbaz R. Abdalla
creator: Salah B. Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1103
ending page: 1125
doi: 10.26750/5xxhxe54

­ Resilience in Selected Poems by Aja Monet
type: item
description: This study delves into the resilience of Black women through an analysis of Aja Monet’s poetry, focusing on her poems “Refuge” and “Grow” from the collection The Black Unicorn Sings (2010). Grounded in Black Feminist Theory, the research explores how Monet portrays Black women’s experiences, struggles, and triumphs, highlighting their resilience in the face of intersecting systems of oppression. Through vivid imagery and metaphor, Monet’s poetry illuminates the internal battles and external pressures Black women face, emphasizing their unwavering spirit and forms of resistance. Drawing on resilience concepts within Black Feminist Thought, the study showcases how Black women navigate and challenge oppressive structures, reclaiming agency for their identities and narratives. By focusing on the voices of Black women authors like Monet, the research enriches the literary canon with diverse voices and catalyzes critical discourse on literature, feminism, social justice, and cultural diversity while advocating for equitable representation across all facets of literary expression. This is accomplished through an analysis of two poems by Aja Monet through the lens of Black Feminist Theory, with a focus on resilience.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Aja Monet, Black Feminist Theory, Grow, Refuge, Resilience.
  topic: keywords
creator: Vian Mahmud Zamdar
creator: Saman Salah Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1088
ending page: 1102
doi: 10.26750/5hjsnh12

Domains in Kurdish Family-Related Proverbs
type: item
description: The current study investigates cognitive domains in selected Kurdish proverbs. A cognitive domain refers to a context of knowledge background that is essential for understanding meaning. Since Kurdish proverbs evoke many domains, Kurdish speakers usually struggle to understand their meanings and identify their facets. At this juncture, the question posed is: Is the meaning of a proverb based on the domain in which it is embedded? To that end, the study adopts Cognitive Semantics approach in analyzing the selected domains. One crucial assumption is that aspects of human cognition shape linguistic features. Applied to Kurdish, it is hypothesized that proverbs are not often meaningful without a larger framework, which consists of related concepts that represent experiences. As for data collection, the study relied on reliable sources such as Shekh Mohamad Khal (2007), Ali Marouf Sharazoori(2010), Hoshyar Noori Lak (2011), and Karim Sharaza (1983). As for data analysis, the study adopts a qualitative introspective approach. The study then aims to identify the role of cognitive domains in the semantic construction and configuration of proverbs. Precisely, the aim is to reduce the degree of misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the proverbs while they are being used. One interesting finding is that one cannot understand the meaning of a proverb without access to all the essential knowledge that relates to that proverb.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Cognitive Semantics, Cognitive Domain, Facet, Kurdish Proverbs.
  topic: keywords
creator: Kobeen R. Mustafa
creator: Zeki S. Ali Hamawand
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1076
ending page: 1087
doi: 10.26750/zerpdg57

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Noise Pollution in Residential Areas of Ranya (2024–2025)
type: item
description: Currently, noise is considered a part of environmental pollution problems due to increasing factors, sources and negative results, it should be given importance. We obtained some neighborhoods in Ranyia as a sample at different seasons of the year, according to working days, holidays during periods (day, night), and compared the samples with local criteria. We noticed that the noise level residential areas had exceeded the local criteria. However, we found that noise level was different comparing one neighborhood to another one. Having stated that, the highest level observed was in Sara neighborhood in the city center and the lowest level was in Bitwan neighborhood in the outer part of the city. Climatic Influence including seasonal climatic conditions played a significant role in noise level fluctuations. Spring, characterized by more favorable weather, corresponded with increased human activity and mobility, thereby resulting in elevated noise levels. Conversely, winter conditions were associated with reduced outdoor activity, leading to a notable decline in noise levels. At the end of our research, we have come to find that in order to stop noise pollution levels and their impacts from getting worse and to help lower them, we have come up with several suggestions, such as raising awareness among people, monitoring and enforcing noise laws and rules.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Pollution, Noise, Sound, Residential, City.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shamal Star Ahmad
creator: Sakar Muhammad Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1039
ending page: 1075
doi: 10.26750/dbrb8b49

The Dimensions of the Mongol Invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
type: item
description: This research discusses the dimensions and motivations behind the Mongol invasion and attack on the Khwarazmian Empire. It highlights the most important aspects of this campaign, categorized by their sequential closeness. The interaction and intermingling of the peoples of these two nations are examined, along with an attempt to consider the most impactful dimension. The geographical factor, which eventually led to the proximity of the distant borders between the two sides and increased familiarity and interaction, played a significant role. The political and expansionist factor further encouraged the Mongols to move westward. This was also fueled by their elimination of opposing and enemy forces in the west, which drew their attention towards that direction. The presence of a single strong political force in the region, which considered itself an equal to their power, fostered a sense of rivalry within them. They aimed to impose their unipolar political and military dominance over the region, thus the existence of any other power in the area besides themselves was unacceptable to them. Furthermore, the main cause of this campaign lies in economic factors, especially in the trade relations between these two neighboring states. The killing of the Mongol trade caravan by the governor of Otrar, Inal Khan, in 616 AH / 1219 CE, provided a pretext for the Mongol Khan to invade the Islamic world and the Khwarazmian Empire. In addition, external motivations and incitement played a crucial role, stemming from the conflict between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Khwarazmian Empire. The Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (575-622 AH / 1179-1225 CE) sought assistance from Genghis Khan of the Mongols to curb the excesses of the Khwarazmian Sultan Ala ad-Din Muhammad II (596-617 AH).
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Khwarazm, Mongol, Invasion, Occupation, Destruction.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hussein Abdullah Khudhur
creator: Hussein Abdulrahman Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 1013
ending page: 1038
doi: 10.26750/d0k7kc51

The Problem of Epistemology in John Locke’s Philosophy
type: item
description: This article discusses the underlying disagreement between rationalism and empiricism regarding the source of knowledge. Rationalist philosophers, especially Descartes, claim that true knowledge originates from the mind and not from the sense, because it is related to the concept of inborn and the senses deceptive often. Rationalists argue that individuals are born with innate ideas that are true and do not depend on experience. On the other hand, empiricist philosophers, especially John Locke, maintains that knowledge originates solely from experience. According to Locke, the human mind is a blank slate at birth, and is without innate ideas, and the things we know are obtained through sensory input. Although Locke appreciates the role of the mind in processing knowledge, he believes its capacity to generate knowledge independently is limited. Locke asserts that the mind cannot create knowledge without receiving data through the senses first. According to Locke, reason is not a direct source of knowledge but works as a tool to organize and analyze information acquired from sensory experiences. In the end, he claims that although sensory experience is the basis of knowledge, the mind is crucial for creating, verifying, and applying the knowledge. It can be concluded that the mind is not the origin of knowledge, but it has an essential role in interpreting and organizing ideas. Also, it can combine simple sensory signals into more complex concepts. Therefore, it can be argued that knowledge begins with sensory inputs and is then formed and expanded by the mind. This study aims to explore John Locke's ideas about knowledge and the methods by which certain knowledge can be acquired.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: John Locke, Epsitemology, Reason, Experience, Simple Ideas, Complex Ideas.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rezhna Faruq Abdalla
creator: Muslim Hassan Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 991
ending page: 1012
doi: 10.26750/a2wg6c79

Directions of Urban Development in the City of Kalar (1977-2024)
type: item
description: Nowadays, urban population growth is considered one of the most significant and touchy issues of city geography, because population growth directly affects planning and development of the cities. Moreover, it shows an important area of ​​the pillars of development. Therefore, in most cities in the Kurdistan region, the changes and population growth are taken into consideration. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate economic, social, and prosperity scientifically. We can claim that the large amount of population has caused most of the issues that affect cities nowadays. A number of factors have influenced this dilemma, such as natural increase of population and migration, especially the migration of people from rural areas to the cities. The lack of an advanced plan to prevent migration and regulate the rapid growth that occurs in cities is to be mentioning. At the same time, this growth led to some conclusions; the rapid expansion of the cities can be considered the key factor. This expansion mostly is at the expense of agricultural and suburban lands. This paper deals with the directions of urban development between the years 1970 - 2024 in Kalar. For this purpose, the research depended on the results of data and information obtained from official censuses. The research consists of two main parts and several discussions, in which the growth, the demographic changes, and the growth of population growth of Kalar, depending on the official census, are discussed. The rapid increase in population growth and the relations of these changes with the historical events of the region are illustrated.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Urban Development, Population Census, Kalar City, Masterplan of the City, Natural Growth and Migration.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sardasht Mohammed Hussein
creator: Talat Mohammed Tahir Umar-Albotani
creator: Bestun Ahmed Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 964
ending page: 990
doi: 10.26750/876kj097

Postmodern Concepts in the Novel 'Gorashar' by Saydqader Hidayeti
type: item
description: This research, titled "Postmodern Concepts in the Novel 'Gorashar' by Saydqader Hidayeti," is an attempt to read the novel Gorashar under the light of postmodern critical theories. The content of this novel encompasses a collection of distinct postmodern foundations, as among the most prominent foundations of this critical movement are: minimalism, metafiction, pastiche, intertextuality, decentering, play, fragmentation, marginalization of grand narratives, paranoia, etc. From here, literature becomes a laboratory for practicing the postmodern critical movement, and has also become an important field for experimenting with the various effects of this critical trend. Therefore, those views that consider postmodernism as the creator of literary criticism are rejected. These postmodern concepts are rarely seen in Kurdish research, which is why we have conducted our research on this topic. We have benefited from the descriptive method under the light of postmodern theories. Our aim is to identify each of these foundations in the novel Gorashar. This research consists of an abstract, preface, two chapters, conclusion, and list of sources. Chapter One: Terms, concepts, definitions, and history of postmodernism. Chapter Two: concepts of postmodernism in the novel Gorashar.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Postmodernism, Minimalism, Metafiction, Pastiche, Intertextuality.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mariwan Omar Dawlat
creator: Hawkar Muhamad Rasheed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 945
ending page: 963
doi: 10.26750/zf9tvp32

The Role of Public Relations in The Media Institutions of The Kurdistan Region
type: item
description: The research titled (The role of public relations in the media corporations in Kurdistan Region) The research is descriptive, which aligns with this study, its purpose collecting accurate data and information. Survey methods and measurements are used; the research consists of the public relations of all media corporations in Kurdistan Region, which are 8. The survey participated with (84) employees from public relations of all (8) Kurdish satellite channels, in (purposive samples) which has taken from the research. The researcher uses survey forms to collect data. The central focus of this the research include Identifying the usage level of public relations in Kurdish corporations, and the methods of communication in applying public relations within media corporations. This research is in the field of public relations, especially utilizing media corporations, it’s an academic attempt to analyze the relationship and the implications within the public relations in corporations. Major aims of activities, inside and outside, Showing the position of public relations at the corporations, Knowing the role of public relations at increasing the impact on managing the media corporations, Acknowledging the limit of goal achievement by public relations of media corporations.
subject: Humanities & Social Sciences
  topic: section
subject: Role, Public Relations, Media institutions.
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahir Hamadamin Sabir
creator: Hazhar Taha Maghded
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of University of Raparin http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
date: 2025-10-29
publication date: 2025-10-29
starting page: 925
ending page: 944
doi: 10.26750/xbbkrg88